feat: Add parsing for expressions.

This commit adds support for parsing expression using the pratt parsing
approach.

src/ast.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+use crate::token::Span;
+
+/// The [Phase] trait is used for type state. The AST can be in one of multiple
+/// type states:
+/// 1. [Parsed] - AST that was produced through parsing.
+pub trait Phase {
+    type ExtraData: PartialEq + Debug;
+}
+
+/// See [Phase] for more information.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Parsed;
+
+impl Phase for Parsed {
+    type ExtraData = ();
+}
+
+pub type ParsedExpression = Expression<Parsed>;
+
+/// This represents an expression in the source code. It holds the
+/// [ExpressionKind], the [Span] and extra information according to the [Phase].
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct Expression<P: Phase> {
+    pub kind: ExpressionKind<P>,
+    pub span: Span,
+    pub extra: P::ExtraData,
+}
+
+/// Represents the different kinds of [Expression]s, e.g. literals, unary or
+/// binary expressions.
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum ExpressionKind<P: Phase> {
+    Identifier(String),
+
+    LitString(String),
+    LitInteger(u64),
+    LitBool(bool),
+
+    Unary {
+        op: UnaryOp,
+        op_span: Span,
+        operand: Box<Expression<P>>,
+    },
+
+    Binary {
+        op: BinaryOp,
+        op_span: Span,
+        left: Box<Expression<P>>,
+        right: Box<Expression<P>>,
+    },
+
+    Call {
+        func: Box<Expression<P>>,
+        args: Vec<Expression<P>>,
+    },
+
+    Index {
+        expr: Box<Expression<P>>,
+        index: Box<Expression<P>>,
+    },
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum UnaryOp {
+    /// Bitwise Not
+    BitNot,
+    /// Logical Not
+    Not,
+    /// Negate
+    Neg,
+    /// Address Of
+    AddrOf,
+    /// Deref
+    Deref,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub enum BinaryOp {
+    /// Addition
+    Add,
+    /// Subtraction
+    Sub,
+    /// Multiplication
+    Mul,
+    /// Division
+    Div,
+    /// Remainder
+    Rem,
+
+    /// Bitwise And
+    BitAnd,
+    /// Bitwise Or
+    BitOr,
+    /// Bitwise Xor
+    BitXor,
+    /// Bitwise Shift Left
+    BitShl,
+    /// Bitwise Shift Right
+    BitShr,
+
+    /// Logical And
+    And,
+    /// Logical Or
+    Or,
+
+    /// Equal
+    Eq,
+    /// Not Equal
+    Ne,
+    /// Less than
+    Lt,
+    /// Less than or Equal
+    Le,
+    /// Greater than
+    Gt,
+    /// Greater than or Equal
+    Ge,
+
+    /// Assign
+    Assign,
+    /// Member Access
+    Dot,
+}

src/diagnostic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+use std::{fmt::Display, path::Path, process::exit};
+
+use yansi::Paint;
+
+use crate::token::Span;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub enum Severity {
+    Note,
+    Warning,
+    Error,
+    Critical,
+}
+
+impl Display for Severity {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Severity::Note => write!(f, "{}", "Note".bold().cyan()),
+            Severity::Warning => write!(f, "{}", "Warning".bold().yellow()),
+            Severity::Error => write!(f, "{}", "Error".bold().red()),
+            Severity::Critical => write!(f, "{}", "Critical".bold().magenta()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct Diagnostic {
+    pub severity: Severity,
+    pub span: Option<Span>,
+    pub message: String,
+    pub labels: Vec<(Span, String)>,
+}
+
+impl Diagnostic {
+    pub fn new(severity: Severity, message: impl ToString) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            severity,
+            span: None,
+            message: message.to_string(),
+            labels: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_span(mut self, span: Span) -> Self {
+        self.span = Some(span);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn add_label(mut self, span: Span, message: impl ToString) -> Self {
+        self.labels.push((span, message.to_string()));
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn report(self, file_name: &Path, source: &str) {
+        eprintln!("{}: {}", self.severity, self.message.bold());
+
+        let Some(primary_span) = self.span else {
+            eprintln!("  {} {}", "-->".bright_black(), file_name.display());
+            if self.severity == Severity::Critical {
+                exit(-1);
+            }
+            return;
+        };
+
+        // Guard: no source context available (e.g. critical error before any
+        // file is read).
+        if source.is_empty() || primary_span.start as usize >= source.len() {
+            eprintln!("  {} {}", "-->".bright_black(), file_name.display());
+            if self.severity == Severity::Critical {
+                exit(-1);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let (primary_line, primary_col) = get_line_col(source, primary_span.start);
+
+        // Partition labels: those on the *exact same span* as the primary are
+        // merged into the primary underline as inline text.  All others are
+        // rendered as separate snippets below the primary.
+        let (same_span, other_span): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = self
+            .labels
+            .into_iter()
+            .partition(|(s, _)| *s == primary_span);
+
+        let primary_label: Option<String> = same_span.into_iter().next().map(|(_, m)| m);
+
+        // Gutter must be wide enough for the highest line number we'll print.
+        let max_line = other_span
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|(s, _)| (s.start as usize) < source.len())
+            .map(|(s, _)| get_line_col(source, s.start).0)
+            .fold(primary_line, usize::max);
+        let gutter_w = count_digits(max_line);
+        let pad = " ".repeat(gutter_w);
+
+        // " --> file:line:col"
+        eprintln!(
+            "{} {}:{}:{}",
+            format!("{pad} -->").bright_black(),
+            file_name.display(),
+            primary_line,
+            primary_col,
+        );
+        eprintln!("{}", format!("{pad} |").bright_black());
+
+        // Primary snippet.
+        render_snippet(
+            source,
+            primary_span,
+            primary_label.as_deref(),
+            gutter_w,
+            self.severity,
+        );
+
+        // Additional-context labels (different locations).
+        for (span, msg) in &other_span {
+            if (span.start as usize) < source.len() {
+                render_snippet(source, *span, Some(msg.as_str()), gutter_w, Severity::Note);
+            }
+        }
+
+        eprintln!("{}", format!("{pad} |").bright_black());
+
+        if self.severity == Severity::Critical {
+            exit(-1);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Render a single source-line snippet: the numbered source line followed by
+/// a `^^^` underline.  When `label` is `Some`, the text is appended after the
+/// carets on the same line.
+fn render_snippet(
+    source: &str,
+    span: Span,
+    label: Option<&str>,
+    gutter_w: usize,
+    severity: Severity,
+) {
+    let (line_num, _) = get_line_col(source, span.start);
+    let (line_start, line_content) = get_line_content(source, span.start);
+
+    let pad = " ".repeat(gutter_w);
+    let bar = format!("{}", "|".bright_black());
+    let line_num_str = format!("{:>width$}", line_num, width = gutter_w);
+
+    // "N | source text"
+    eprintln!("{} {bar} {line_content}", line_num_str.bright_black());
+
+    // Caret underline, clamped to the current line.
+    let col_offset = span.start as usize - line_start;
+    let line_end_byte = line_start + line_content.len();
+    let underline_len = (span.end as usize)
+        .min(line_end_byte)
+        .saturating_sub(span.start as usize)
+        .max(1);
+
+    let spaces = " ".repeat(col_offset);
+    let carets = "^".repeat(underline_len);
+    let colored_carets = paint_severity(&carets, severity);
+    let label_text = label
+        .map(|l| format!(" {}", paint_severity(l, severity)))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+    // "  | ^^^label"
+    eprintln!("{pad} {bar} {spaces}{colored_carets}{label_text}");
+}
+
+fn paint_severity(s: &str, severity: Severity) -> String {
+    match severity {
+        Severity::Note => format!("{}", s.bold().bright_cyan()),
+        Severity::Warning => format!("{}", s.bold().bright_yellow()),
+        Severity::Error | Severity::Critical => format!("{}", s.bold().bright_red()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn count_digits(n: usize) -> usize {
+    format!("{n}").len()
+}
+
+/// Returns `(line_start_byte, line_content)` for the line that contains
+/// `position`.  The returned content does *not* include the trailing newline.
+fn get_line_content(source: &str, position: u32) -> (usize, &str) {
+    let pos = position as usize;
+    let line_start = source[..pos].rfind('\n').map(|i| i + 1).unwrap_or(0);
+    let rest = &source[line_start..];
+    let line_len = rest.find('\n').unwrap_or(rest.len());
+    (line_start, &rest[..line_len])
+}
+
+fn get_line_col(source: &str, position: u32) -> (usize, usize) {
+    let prefix = &source[..position as usize];
+    let line = prefix.bytes().filter(|&b| b == b'\n').count() + 1;
+    let line_start_byte = prefix.rfind('\n').map(|i| i + 1).unwrap_or(0);
+    let col = prefix[line_start_byte..].chars().count() + 1;
+    (line, col)
+}

src/main.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,14 @@ use std::fs;
 
 use crate::{
     cli::{fatal, parse_args},
-    lexer::Lexer,
+    parser::Parser,
 };
 
+mod ast;
 mod cli;
+mod diagnostic;
 mod lexer;
+mod parser;
 mod token;
 
 fn main() {
@@ -25,8 +28,11 @@ fn main() {
         };
 
         println!("-- {} --", file.display());
-        for token in Lexer::new(&content) {
+        let mut parser = Parser::new(&content);
-            println!("{}", token);
+
+        match parser.parse_expression(0) {
+            Ok(ast) => println!("{ast:#?}"),
+            Err(diag) => diag.report(file, &content),
         }
     }
 }

src/parser.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+
+use crate::ast;
+use crate::diagnostic::{Diagnostic, Severity};
+use crate::lexer::Lexer;
+use crate::token::{Token, TokenKind};
+
+/// The [Parser] consumes the [Token]s produced by the [Lexer] and constructs
+/// an [ast] in the [ast::Parsed] phase.
+pub struct Parser<'src> {
+    tokens: Peekable<Lexer<'src>>,
+    errors: Vec<Diagnostic>,
+}
+
+impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
+    /// Constructs a new [Parser] with the given source text.
+    pub fn new(source: &'src str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tokens: Lexer::new(source).peekable(),
+            errors: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Peek at the next [Token] without consuming it.
+    fn peek(&mut self) -> Option<Token<'src>> {
+        self.tokens.peek().copied()
+    }
+
+    /// Peek at the next [Token] and return a [Diagnostic] if we reached the end of input.
+    fn peek_no_eof(&mut self) -> Result<Token<'src>, Diagnostic> {
+        self.peek()
+            .ok_or_else(|| Diagnostic::new(Severity::Error, "unexpected end of input"))
+    }
+
+    /// Check if the peek [Token] is of a given [TokenKind].
+    fn is_peek(&mut self, kind: TokenKind) -> bool {
+        self.peek().map_or(false, |tok| tok.is(kind))
+    }
+
+    /// Check if we have reached the end of input.
+    fn is_at_eof(&mut self) -> bool {
+        self.peek().is_none()
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes and returns the next [Token].
+    /// This method panics if called at the end of input.
+    fn advance(&mut self) -> Token<'src> {
+        self.tokens.next().expect("failed to advance the parser")
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes and returns the next [Token], if it is of a given [TokenKind],
+    /// otherwise returns an [Err].
+    fn expect(&mut self, kind: TokenKind) -> Result<Token<'src>, Diagnostic> {
+        match self.peek() {
+            Some(tok) if tok.is(kind) => Ok(self.advance()),
+            Some(tok) => Err(Diagnostic::new(Severity::Error, "unexpected token found")
+                .with_span(tok.span)
+                .add_label(
+                    tok.span,
+                    format!("expected {} but found {} instead", kind, tok.kind),
+                )),
+            None => Err(Diagnostic::new(Severity::Error, "unexpected end of input")),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses an [ast::Expression] using the pratt parsing algorithm.
+    pub fn parse_expression(&mut self, min_bp: u8) -> Result<ast::ParsedExpression, Diagnostic> {
+        let peek_token = self.peek_no_eof()?;
+
+        let mut left = if let Some((right_bp, op)) = prefix_binding_power(peek_token.kind) {
+            let op_span = self.advance().span;
+            let operand = Box::new(self.parse_expression(right_bp)?);
+
+            let span = op_span.extend(operand.span);
+
+            ast::ParsedExpression {
+                kind: ast::ExpressionKind::Unary {
+                    op,
+                    op_span,
+                    operand,
+                },
+                span,
+                extra: (),
+            }
+        } else {
+            self.parse_primary_expression()?
+        };
+
+        while let Some(peek_token) = self.peek() {
+            if let Some(left_bp) = postfix_binding_power(peek_token.kind) {
+                if left_bp < min_bp {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                left = match peek_token.kind {
+                    TokenKind::LParen => self.parse_call_expr(left)?,
+                    TokenKind::LBracket => self.parse_index_expr(left)?,
+
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if let Some((left_bp, right_bp, op)) = infix_binding_power(peek_token.kind) {
+                if left_bp < min_bp {
+                    break;
+                }
+
+                let op_span = self.advance().span;
+
+                let right = self.parse_expression(right_bp)?;
+                let span = left.span.extend(right.span);
+
+                left = ast::ParsedExpression {
+                    kind: ast::ExpressionKind::Binary {
+                        op,
+                        op_span,
+                        left: Box::new(left),
+                        right: Box::new(right),
+                    },
+                    span,
+                    extra: (),
+                };
+
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            break;
+        }
+
+        Ok(left)
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a primary expression, e.g. literals, unary or grouped expression.
+    fn parse_primary_expression(&mut self) -> Result<ast::ParsedExpression, Diagnostic> {
+        let peek_token = self.peek_no_eof()?;
+
+        match peek_token.kind {
+            TokenKind::Identifier => {
+                let name = self.advance().text.to_string();
+
+                Ok(ast::ParsedExpression {
+                    kind: ast::ExpressionKind::Identifier(name),
+                    span: peek_token.span,
+                    extra: (),
+                })
+            }
+            TokenKind::LitInt => {
+                let tok = self.advance();
+
+                let (radix, src) = [("0x", 16), ("0o", 8), ("0b", 2)]
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .find_map(|(prefix, radix)| {
+                        tok.text.strip_prefix(prefix).map(|text| (radix, text))
+                    })
+                    .unwrap_or((10, tok.text));
+
+                let value = u64::from_str_radix(src, radix).map_err(|_| {
+                    Diagnostic::new(Severity::Error, "invalid integer literal")
+                        .with_span(tok.span)
+                        .add_label(tok.span, "this is an invalid integer literal")
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(ast::ParsedExpression {
+                    kind: ast::ExpressionKind::LitInteger(value),
+                    span: tok.span,
+                    extra: (),
+                })
+            }
+            TokenKind::LitBool => {
+                let value = self.advance().text == "true";
+
+                Ok(ast::ParsedExpression {
+                    kind: ast::ExpressionKind::LitBool(value),
+                    span: peek_token.span,
+                    extra: (),
+                })
+            }
+
+            _ => Err(Diagnostic::new(
+                Severity::Error,
+                format!(
+                    "expected one of {}, {} or {} but found {} instead",
+                    TokenKind::Identifier,
+                    TokenKind::LitInt,
+                    TokenKind::LitBool,
+                    peek_token.kind
+                ),
+            )
+            .with_span(peek_token.span)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Parses a [ast::ExpressionKind::Call] expression.
+    fn parse_call_expr(
+        &mut self,
+        func: ast::ParsedExpression,
+    ) -> Result<ast::ParsedExpression, Diagnostic> {
+        self.expect(TokenKind::LParen)?;
+        let mut args = Vec::new();
+
+        while !self.is_at_eof() && !self.is_peek(TokenKind::RParen) {
+            if !args.is_empty() {
+                self.expect(TokenKind::Comma)?;
+            }
+
+            args.push(self.parse_expression(0)?);
+        }
+
+        let rparen_token = self.expect(TokenKind::RParen)?;
+        let span = func.span.extend(rparen_token.span);
+
+        Ok(ast::ParsedExpression {
+            kind: ast::ExpressionKind::Call {
+                func: Box::new(func),
+                args,
+            },
+            span,
+            extra: (),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Parses an [ast::ExpressionKind::Index] expression.
+    fn parse_index_expr(
+        &mut self,
+        expr: ast::ParsedExpression,
+    ) -> Result<ast::ParsedExpression, Diagnostic> {
+        self.expect(TokenKind::LBracket)?;
+
+        let index = self.parse_expression(0)?;
+
+        let rbracket_token = self.expect(TokenKind::RBracket)?;
+        let span = expr.span.extend(rbracket_token.span);
+
+        Ok(ast::ParsedExpression {
+            kind: ast::ExpressionKind::Index {
+                expr: Box::new(expr),
+                index: Box::new(index),
+            },
+            span,
+            extra: (),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn infix_binding_power(kind: TokenKind) -> Option<(u8, u8, ast::BinaryOp)> {
+    Some(match kind {
+        TokenKind::Assign => (2, 2, ast::BinaryOp::Assign),
+
+        TokenKind::KwOr => (10, 11, ast::BinaryOp::Or),
+        TokenKind::KwAnd => (20, 21, ast::BinaryOp::And),
+
+        TokenKind::Pipe => (30, 31, ast::BinaryOp::BitOr),
+        TokenKind::Caret => (40, 41, ast::BinaryOp::BitXor),
+        TokenKind::Amp => (50, 51, ast::BinaryOp::BitAnd),
+
+        TokenKind::Eq => (55, 56, ast::BinaryOp::Eq),
+        TokenKind::Ne => (55, 56, ast::BinaryOp::Ne),
+
+        TokenKind::Lt => (57, 58, ast::BinaryOp::Lt),
+        TokenKind::Le => (57, 58, ast::BinaryOp::Le),
+        TokenKind::Gt => (57, 58, ast::BinaryOp::Gt),
+        TokenKind::Ge => (57, 58, ast::BinaryOp::Ge),
+
+        TokenKind::Plus => (60, 61, ast::BinaryOp::Add),
+        TokenKind::Minus => (60, 61, ast::BinaryOp::Sub),
+
+        TokenKind::Shl => (65, 66, ast::BinaryOp::BitShl),
+        TokenKind::Shr => (65, 66, ast::BinaryOp::BitShr),
+
+        TokenKind::Star => (70, 71, ast::BinaryOp::Mul),
+        TokenKind::Slash => (70, 71, ast::BinaryOp::Div),
+        TokenKind::Percent => (70, 71, ast::BinaryOp::Rem),
+
+        TokenKind::Dot => (90, 91, ast::BinaryOp::Dot),
+
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+fn prefix_binding_power(kind: TokenKind) -> Option<(u8, ast::UnaryOp)> {
+    Some(match kind {
+        TokenKind::Minus => (80, ast::UnaryOp::Neg),
+        TokenKind::Amp => (80, ast::UnaryOp::AddrOf),
+        TokenKind::Tilde => (80, ast::UnaryOp::BitNot),
+        TokenKind::Star => (80, ast::UnaryOp::Deref),
+        TokenKind::Bang => (80, ast::UnaryOp::Not),
+
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+fn postfix_binding_power(kind: TokenKind) -> Option<u8> {
+    Some(match kind {
+        TokenKind::LParen => 90,
+        TokenKind::LBracket => 90,
+
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}

test.bky

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+foo.bar(12, 3) - 5