diff --git a/PLAN.md b/PLAN.md
index 5839166..80f1814 100644
--- a/PLAN.md
+++ b/PLAN.md
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ A Rust-flavored, C-targeting language - built pipeline-first.
 
 ### Control flow
 - [x] booleans and comparision operators
-- [ ] `if` / `else` branching
+- [x] `if` / `else` branching
 - [ ] `while` loops
 
 ### Types & memory
diff --git a/e2e.sh b/e2e.sh
index a508537..7f1295f 100755
--- a/e2e.sh
+++ b/e2e.sh
@@ -98,4 +98,7 @@ run_test "tests/return_neg_69.src" 187
 # Test boolean operations.
 run_harness_test "tests/booleans.src" "tests/booleans.c" 0
 
+# Test if and else statements.
+run_harness_test "tests/if-else.src" "tests/if-else.c" 0
+
 echo "All end-to-end tests passed!"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/backend/cranelift.rs b/src/backend/cranelift.rs
index 3534426..c7e1593 100644
--- a/src/backend/cranelift.rs
+++ b/src/backend/cranelift.rs
@@ -154,12 +154,53 @@ struct FunctionTranslator<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> FunctionTranslator<'a> {
     /// Translates a statement, recursively compiling its inner components.
-    fn translate_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &TypedStmt) {
+    /// Returns `true` if the statement resulted in a basic block terminator.
+    fn translate_stmt(&mut self, stmt: &TypedStmt) -> bool {
         match stmt {
             TypedStmt::Compound { inner } => {
                 for s in inner {
-                    self.translate_stmt(s);
+                    if self.translate_stmt(s) {
+                        return true;
+                    }
                 }
+                false
+            }
+            TypedStmt::If {
+                condition,
+                then,
+                elze,
+            } => {
+                let cond_val = self.translate_expr(condition);
+
+                let then_block = self.builder.create_block();
+                let else_block = self.builder.create_block();
+                let merge_block = self.builder.create_block();
+
+                self.builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .brif(cond_val, then_block, &[], else_block, &[]);
+
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(then_block);
+                self.builder.seal_block(then_block);
+                let then_terminated = self.translate_stmt(then);
+                if !then_terminated {
+                    self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[]);
+                }
+
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(else_block);
+                self.builder.seal_block(else_block);
+                let else_terminated = elze
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|stmt| self.translate_stmt(stmt))
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
+                if !else_terminated {
+                    self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[]);
+                }
+
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(merge_block);
+                self.builder.seal_block(merge_block);
+
+                then_terminated && else_terminated
             }
             TypedStmt::Return { value } => {
                 if let Some(expr) = value {
@@ -168,6 +209,7 @@ impl<'a> FunctionTranslator<'a> {
                 } else {
                     self.builder.ins().return_(&[]);
                 }
+                true
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/ast.rs b/src/frontend/ast.rs
index 78bb7cd..b85f3b2 100644
--- a/src/frontend/ast.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/ast.rs
@@ -56,8 +56,17 @@ pub struct Stmt {
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum StmtKind {
-    Compound { inner: Vec<Stmt> },
-    Return { value: Option<Expr> },
+    Compound {
+        inner: Vec<Stmt>,
+    },
+    If {
+        condition: Expr,
+        then: Box<Stmt>,
+        elze: Option<Box<Stmt>>,
+    },
+    Return {
+        value: Option<Expr>,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/src/frontend/lexer.rs b/src/frontend/lexer.rs
index 22e0b0c..bc1b84c 100644
--- a/src/frontend/lexer.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/lexer.rs
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ impl<'src> Lexer<'src> {
 
         match &self.source[start..self.cursor] {
             "fn" => TokenKind::Fn,
+            "if" => TokenKind::If,
+            "else" => TokenKind::Else,
             "return" => TokenKind::Return,
 
             "i8" => TokenKind::I8,
@@ -203,12 +205,16 @@ mod test {
     #[test]
     fn identifiers() {
         assert_eq!(
-            tokenize("HELLO _hello _0@"),
+            tokenize("HELLO _hello _0@ fn if else return"),
             vec![
                 Token::new(TokenKind::Identifier, "HELLO", Span::new(0, 5)),
                 Token::new(TokenKind::Identifier, "_hello", Span::new(6, 12)),
                 Token::new(TokenKind::Identifier, "_0", Span::new(13, 15)),
                 Token::new(TokenKind::Invalid, "@", Span::new(15, 16)),
+                Token::new(TokenKind::Fn, "fn", Span::new(17, 19)),
+                Token::new(TokenKind::If, "if", Span::new(20, 22)),
+                Token::new(TokenKind::Else, "else", Span::new(23, 27)),
+                Token::new(TokenKind::Return, "return", Span::new(28, 34)),
             ]
         )
     }
diff --git a/src/frontend/parser.rs b/src/frontend/parser.rs
index d449e5b..4d2f174 100644
--- a/src/frontend/parser.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/parser.rs
@@ -284,6 +284,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
     ///
     /// ```ebnf
     /// stmt = compound_stmt
+    ///      | if_stmt
     ///      | return_stmt ;
     /// ```
     pub fn parse_stmt(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Stmt> {
@@ -291,6 +292,7 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
 
         match peek_token.kind {
             TokenKind::LBrace => self.parse_compound_stmt(),
+            TokenKind::If => self.parse_if_stmt(),
             TokenKind::Return => self.parse_return_stmt(),
 
             _ => Err(ParseError::new(
@@ -333,6 +335,46 @@ impl<'src> Parser<'src> {
         })
     }
 
+    /// Parses an if statement.
+    ///
+    /// ```ebnf
+    /// if_stmt = "if" expr compound_stmt [ "else" ( if_stmt | compound_stmt ) ] ;
+    /// ```
+    fn parse_if_stmt(&mut self) -> ParseResult<Stmt> {
+        let if_token = self.expect(TokenKind::If)?;
+
+        let condition = self.parse_expr()?;
+        let consequence = self.parse_compound_stmt()?;
+
+        let alternative = if self.is_peek(TokenKind::Else) {
+            self.advance();
+
+            Some(if self.is_peek(TokenKind::If) {
+                self.parse_if_stmt()
+            } else {
+                self.parse_compound_stmt()
+            }?)
+        } else {
+            None
+        };
+
+        let span = if_token.span.join(
+            alternative
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|stmt| stmt.span)
+                .unwrap_or(consequence.span),
+        );
+
+        Ok(Stmt {
+            kind: StmtKind::If {
+                condition,
+                then: Box::new(consequence),
+                elze: alternative.map(Box::new),
+            },
+            span,
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Parses a return statement.
     ///
     /// ```ebnf
@@ -676,6 +718,32 @@ mod test {
         );
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn if_stmt() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse("if true { return; }", Parser::parse_stmt),
+            Success(Stmt {
+                kind: StmtKind::If {
+                    condition: Expr {
+                        kind: ExprKind::Boolean { value: true },
+                        span: Span::new(3, 7)
+                    },
+                    then: Box::new(Stmt {
+                        kind: StmtKind::Compound {
+                            inner: vec![Stmt {
+                                kind: StmtKind::Return { value: None },
+                                span: Span::new(10, 17)
+                            }]
+                        },
+                        span: Span::new(8, 19)
+                    }),
+                    elze: None
+                },
+                span: Span::new(0, 19)
+            })
+        )
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn compound_stmt() {
         assert_eq!(
diff --git a/src/frontend/sema.rs b/src/frontend/sema.rs
index 8abcba2..8f0993c 100644
--- a/src/frontend/sema.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/sema.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl From<&TypeKind> for Ty {
 pub struct Sema {
     next_var: usize,
     subst: HashMap<usize, Ty>,
-    env: HashMap<String, Ty>,
+    scopes: Vec<HashMap<String, Ty>>,
     errors: Vec<SemanticError>,
     deferred_unary_neg: Vec<(Span, Ty, Ty, Option<u64>)>,
     deferred_binary: Vec<(Span, Ty)>,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl Sema {
         Self {
             next_var: 0,
             subst: HashMap::new(),
-            env: HashMap::new(),
+            scopes: Vec::new(),
             errors: Vec::new(),
             deferred_unary_neg: Vec::new(),
             deferred_binary: Vec::new(),
@@ -100,6 +100,22 @@ impl Sema {
         (!self.errors.is_empty()).then_some(self.errors)
     }
 
+    fn enter_scope(&mut self) {
+        self.scopes.push(HashMap::new());
+    }
+
+    fn leave_scope(&mut self) {
+        self.scopes.pop();
+    }
+
+    fn bind(&mut self, name: &str, ty: Ty) {
+        self.scopes.last_mut().unwrap().insert(name.to_string(), ty);
+    }
+
+    fn lookup(&self, name: &str) -> Option<&Ty> {
+        self.scopes.iter().rev().find_map(|scope| scope.get(name))
+    }
+
     /// Generates a fresh, unconstrained type variable.
     fn new_var(&mut self) -> Ty {
         let v = self.next_var;
@@ -156,16 +172,20 @@ impl Sema {
                 if self.occurs_check(v, &t) {
                     return Err("recursive type".to_string());
                 }
+
                 self.subst.insert(v, t);
+
                 Ok(())
             }
             (Ty::Function(p1, r1), Ty::Function(p2, r2)) => {
                 if p1.len() != p2.len() {
                     return Err("arity mismatch".to_string());
                 }
+
                 for (arg1, arg2) in p1.iter().zip(p2.iter()) {
                     self.unify(arg1, arg2)?;
                 }
+
                 self.unify(&r1, &r2)
             }
             (a, b) => Err(format!("type mismatch: expected {:?}, found {:?}", a, b)),
@@ -175,6 +195,8 @@ impl Sema {
     /// Analyzes an entire module, collecting function signatures into the environment,
     /// performing type inference, and returning a fully evaluated [TypedModule].
     pub fn analyze_module(&mut self, module: &Module) -> TypedModule {
+        self.enter_scope();
+
         for decl in &module.decls {
             match &decl.kind {
                 DeclKind::Function {
@@ -188,8 +210,8 @@ impl Sema {
                         .as_ref()
                         .map(|t| Ty::from(&t.kind))
                         .unwrap_or(Ty::Unit);
-                    self.env
-                        .insert(name.clone(), Ty::Function(param_tys, Box::new(ret_ty)));
+
+                    self.bind(name, Ty::Function(param_tys, Box::new(ret_ty)));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -206,6 +228,8 @@ impl Sema {
             final_decls.push(self.apply_subst_decl(decl));
         }
 
+        self.leave_scope();
+
         TypedModule { decls: final_decls }
     }
 
@@ -220,23 +244,24 @@ impl Sema {
                 body,
                 ..
             } => {
-                let mut local_env = self.env.clone();
                 let mut typed_params = Vec::new();
 
+                self.enter_scope();
+
                 for param in params {
                     let ty = Ty::from(&param.ty.kind);
-                    local_env.insert(param.name.clone(), ty.clone());
+                    self.bind(&param.name, ty.clone());
                     typed_params.push((param.name.clone(), ty));
                 }
 
-                let global_env = std::mem::replace(&mut self.env, local_env);
                 let expected_ret_ty = return_type
                     .as_ref()
                     .map(|t| Ty::from(&t.kind))
                     .unwrap_or(Ty::Unit);
 
                 let typed_body = self.analyze_stmt(body, &expected_ret_ty);
-                self.env = global_env;
+
+                self.leave_scope();
 
                 TypedDecl::Function {
                     name: name.clone(),
@@ -255,12 +280,38 @@ impl Sema {
             StmtKind::Compound { inner } => {
                 let mut typed_inner = Vec::new();
 
+                self.enter_scope();
+
                 for s in inner {
                     typed_inner.push(self.analyze_stmt(s, expected_ret_ty));
                 }
 
+                self.leave_scope();
+
                 TypedStmt::Compound { inner: typed_inner }
             }
+            StmtKind::If {
+                condition,
+                then,
+                elze,
+            } => {
+                let typed_condition = self.analyze_expr(condition);
+
+                if let Err(err) = self.unify(&typed_condition.ty, &Ty::Bool) {
+                    self.errors.push(SemanticError::new(err, condition.span));
+                }
+
+                let typed_then = self.analyze_stmt(then, expected_ret_ty);
+                let typed_elze = elze
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|stmt| self.analyze_stmt(stmt, expected_ret_ty));
+
+                TypedStmt::If {
+                    condition: typed_condition,
+                    then: Box::new(typed_then),
+                    elze: typed_elze.map(Box::new),
+                }
+            }
             StmtKind::Return { value } => {
                 if let Some(expr) = value {
                     let typed_expr = self.analyze_expr(expr);
@@ -288,7 +339,7 @@ impl Sema {
     fn analyze_expr(&mut self, expr: &Expr) -> TypedExpr {
         match &expr.kind {
             ExprKind::Identifier { name } => {
-                let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.env.get(name) {
+                let ty = if let Some(ty) = self.lookup(name) {
                     ty.clone()
                 } else {
                     self.errors.push(SemanticError::new(
@@ -439,6 +490,16 @@ impl Sema {
                     .collect(),
             },
 
+            TypedStmt::If {
+                condition,
+                then,
+                elze,
+            } => TypedStmt::If {
+                condition: self.apply_subst_expr(condition),
+                then: Box::new(self.apply_subst_stmt(*then)),
+                elze: elze.map(|s| Box::new(self.apply_subst_stmt(*s))),
+            },
+
             TypedStmt::Return { value } => TypedStmt::Return {
                 value: value.map(|e| self.apply_subst_expr(e)),
             },
@@ -692,4 +753,16 @@ mod test {
                 .contains("binary operators only work on integer types")
         }));
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn valid_if() {
+        let src = "fn test() { if true { return; } }";
+        assert!(analyze(src).is_ok())
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_if() {
+        let src = "fn test() { if 12 {} }";
+        assert!(analyze(src).is_err());
+    }
 }
diff --git a/src/frontend/token.rs b/src/frontend/token.rs
index 3d43715..6d9309f 100644
--- a/src/frontend/token.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/token.rs
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ pub enum TokenKind {
 
     // Keywords
     Fn,
+    If,
+    Else,
     Return,
 
     // Types
@@ -104,6 +106,8 @@ impl Display for TokenKind {
             TokenKind::IntegerLit => "an integer",
             TokenKind::BooleanLit => "a boolean",
             TokenKind::Fn => "`fn`",
+            TokenKind::If => "`if`",
+            TokenKind::Else => "`else`",
             TokenKind::Return => "`return`",
             TokenKind::I8 => "`i8`",
             TokenKind::I16 => "`i16`",
diff --git a/src/frontend/typed_ast.rs b/src/frontend/typed_ast.rs
index 16caba4..bcc2c14 100644
--- a/src/frontend/typed_ast.rs
+++ b/src/frontend/typed_ast.rs
@@ -18,8 +18,17 @@ pub enum TypedDecl {
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum TypedStmt {
-    Compound { inner: Vec<TypedStmt> },
-    Return { value: Option<TypedExpr> },
+    Compound {
+        inner: Vec<TypedStmt>,
+    },
+    If {
+        condition: TypedExpr,
+        then: Box<TypedStmt>,
+        elze: Option<Box<TypedStmt>>,
+    },
+    Return {
+        value: Option<TypedExpr>,
+    },
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/tests/if-else.c b/tests/if-else.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c87d4a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/if-else.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+extern int min(int a, int b);
+
+int main() {
+    if (min(12, 15)) {
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        return -1;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/if-else.src b/tests/if-else.src
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49c8ac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/if-else.src
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+fn min(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
+    if a < b {
+        return a;
+    } else {
+        return b;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file